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＜Online Exhibition＞The Birth of Hiroshima, Peace Memorial City PART2

ページ番号：0000334587 更新日：2023年5月16日更新印刷ページ表示

PART2
4. The Atomic Bombing
5. Living in the Ruins

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4. The Atomic Bombing

At 8:15 am on August 6, 1945, a single atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and exploded about 600 meters above Shima Hospital in Saiku-machi (current Ote-machi 1-chome).
Intense heat rays were emitted from a fireball that appeared 1/10,000th of a second after the explosion, and the ground temperature at the hypocenter reached 3-4,000 °C. Those with exposed skin as far as 3.5 kilometers away were burned by these heat rays.
At its highest, the wind pressure from the blast wind was 35 tons per m2 at the hypocenter, and the wind speed was estimated to be 440 meters per second, destroying nearly all the buildings in 1.8-kilometer radius.
Of the approximately 45,000 buildings in a 2-kilometer radius, nearly all of them were completely destroyed and burnt out. About 90% of the buildings in the city were damaged, and the complete area of land lost to fires spanned 13 square kilometer.
The massive amount of radiation released during nuclear fission, mainly neutrons and gamma rays, penetrated deeply into bodily tissues, destroying cells and causing severe disabilities over a prolonged period of time.

25 August 6, 1945

Following the explosion of the atomic bomb, a strange cloud billowed into the sky over Hiroshima. This picture was taken by a US military reconnaissance aircraft located approximately 45 miles south of the hypocenter.

August 6, 1945 / Photo by US Army / Collection of the US National Archives and Records Administration / Courtesy of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

26 Hiroshima 12 Days Before the Atomic Bombing (25th July 1945)

July 25, 1945 / Photo by US Army / Collection of the US National Archives and Records Administration / Production of Takesaki Yoshihiko / Courtesy of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

27 Hiroshima 5 Days After the Atomic Bombing (11th August 1945)

Due to the atomic bombing, buildings within and around a radius of 2 km from the hypocenter were almost completely destroyed or burned down.

August 11, 1945 / Photo by US Army / Collection of the US National Archives and Records Administration / Production of Takesaki Yoshihiko / Courtesy of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

28 Hiroshima After the Atomic Bombing, the View from the Hiroshima Chamber of Commerce and Industry Building

After the atomic bombing, the view from near the hypocenter of Hiroshima was one of devastation and destruction.

October 1 or 2, 1945 / Photo by Hayashi Shigeo / Courtesy of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

29 Hiroshima Before the Atomic Bombing, the View from the Hiroshima Chamber of Commerce and Industry Building

This photograph shows the view from near the hypocenter of Hiroshima seven years before the atomic bombing.
At the time of the atomic bombing, Aioi-bashi Bridge, which was the target for the atomic bomb drop and had T-shaped, was an old wooden bridge in H-shaped.

Around 1938 / Photo by Matsumoto Wakaji

5. Living in the Ruins

After the bombing, those who survived were in dire circumstances and without shelter. There were no medical supplies to treat the wounded, and even those who seemed healthy would suddenly pass away due to radiation sickness. Even after a year had passed, there was a severe food shortage as government rations were not enough, and people began to look to the black market for food.

Approximately 60% of the 36,000 students in the city had been evacuated and thus were spared from the atomic bombing. However, 75% of the 39 schools were seriously damaged: they were totally collapsed, completely burnt out, or more than halfway collapsed due to fires and the blast wind. As recovery progressed, rebuilding schools became a huge issue.

Many of the children who were evacuated outside of the city during the war lost their parents and family members in the bombing and became orphans. It is estimated that there were 5-6,000 atomic bomb orphans in Hiroshima City.

Of the survivors (hibakusha), there were many who couldn’t work very much due to illnesses and disabilities. These hibakusha faced hardships in paying for everyday expenses and medical fees. There were also many who found it difficult to work every day due to lethargy caused by the aftereffects of radiation. Until the hibakusha support system was developed, they spent decades suffering.

30 Children Living in Shacks

Survivors salvaged what materials they could from the scorched rubble and built shacks to protect themselves from the elements. Some set up housing the shells of buildings or in air-raid shelters.

February 1946 / Photo by Stephen Kelen

31 The Black Market in front of Hiroshima Station

After the war, a serious shortage of essential goods worsened, causing hardships in people's daily lives. An illicit black market thrived at transportation hubs such as Hiroshima Station, where limited supplies were sold at high prices, only affordable by a few wealthy individuals.

1946 / Photo / Collection of Alexander Turnbull Library （ Reference J-0017-F ）

32 Black Market near Hiroshima Station, at Matsubara-cho

1946 / Photo by Stephen Kelen

33 Open-air Classrooms (called “Aozora-kyositsu”) of Nobori-cho Elementary School in the Ruin

Most elementary school children had been evacuated when the atomic bomb was dropped, but returned to destroyed schools. They cleared the rubble with their own hands. Classes were held under the open sky without textbooks or writing pads.

April or May 1946 / Photo by Stephen Kelen

34 Norman Cousins Visiting the Hiroshima Home for War Orphans at Itsukaichi Town

In 1949 Norman Cousins, editor of the U.S.’s Saturday Review of Literature, put forward the Moral Adoption Program for aiding the atomic bomb orphans. Under U.S. law at that time, it was prohibited to adopt Japanese children, and so the Moral Adoption Program had Americans assume the role of "moral parents" to atomic-bomb orphans, assisting them with their living expenses and academic fees, and exchanging letters and presents with them. Some 600 atomic-bomb orphans are said to have received assistance in this way.

August 1949 / Photo / Collection of Hiroshima Municipal Archives

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35 Children Playing Under the Peace Memorial Museum in Course of Construction

1952 / Photo by Akeda Koshi

36 Physical Examination of Atomic Bomb Survivors

In 1954 a fishing boat, the 5th Fukuryu-maru, was exposed to radioactive fallout from a hydrogen bomb test. The Bikini Incident, as it came to be known, greatly strengthened efforts among the Japanese to ban atomic and hydrogen bombs, simultaneously enhancing public understanding of the need to offer special assistance to A-bomb survivors.
The Atomic Bomb Survivors Medical Care Low was enacted in 1957. Physical examinations of atomic bomb survivors were systematized by this law.